TY - BOOK AU - Boyd,Robert AU - Silk,Joan B. TI - How humans evolved SN - 9780393974775 U1 - 573.2 PY - 2000/// CY - New York PB - W.W. Norton KW - Human evolution N1 - Included Index and glossary; How Evolution Works -- Adaptation by Natural Selection -- Explaining Adaptation before Darwin -- Darwin's Theory of Adaptation -- Darwin's Postulates -- An Example of Adaptation by Natural Selection -- Individual Selection -- The Evolution of Complex Adaptations -- Why Small Variations Are Important -- Why Intermediate Steps Are Favored by Selection -- Rates of Evolutionary Change -- Darwin's Difficulties Explaining Variation -- Genetics -- Mendelian Genetics -- Cell Division and the Role of Chromosomes in Inheritance -- Mitosis and Meiosis -- Chromosomes and Mendel's Experimental Results -- Linkage and Recombination -- Molecular Genetics -- Genes Are DNA -- The Chemical Basis of Life -- DNA Codes for Protein -- Not All DNA Codes for Proteins -- The Modern Synthesis -- Population Genetics -- Genes in Populations -- How Random Mating and Sexual Reproduction Change Genotypic Frequencies -- How Natural Selection Changes Gene Frequencies -- The Modern Synthesis -- The Genetics of Continuous Variation -- How Variation Is Maintained -- Natural Selection and Behavior -- Constraints on Adaptation -- Correlated Characters -- Disequilibrium -- Genetic Drift -- Local versus Optimal Adaptations -- Other Constraints on Evolution -- Speciation and Phylogeny -- What Are Species? -- The Biological Species Concept -- The Ecological Species Concept -- The Origin of Species -- Allopatric Speciation -- Parapatric and Sympatric Speciation -- The Tree of Life -- Why Reconstruct Phylogenies? -- How to Reconstruct Phylogenies -- Problems Due to Convergence -- Problems Due to Ancestral Characters -- Reconstructing Phylogenies Using Genetic Distance Data -- Taxonomy -- Naming Names -- Primate Ecology and Behavior -- Introduction to the Primates -- Two Reasons to Study the Primates -- Primates Are Our Closest Relatives -- Primates Are a Diverse Order -- Features That Define the Primates -- Primate Biogeography -- A Taxonomy of Living Primates -- The Prosimians -- The Anthropoids -- Primate Conservation -- Primate Ecology -- The Distribution of Food -- Activity Patterns -- Ranging Behavior -- Predation -- Primate Mating Systems -- The Language of Adaptive Explanations -- The Evolution of Reproductive Strategies -- Reproductive Strategies of Primate Females -- Female Dominance Hierarchies -- Reproductive Tradeoffs -- Primate Sociality -- Why Do Primates Live in Groups? -- How Big Should Groups Be? -- What Kinds of Groups Should Primates Form? -- Sexual Selection and Male Mating Strategies -- Intrasexual Selection in Primates -- Intersexual Selection in Primates -- Sexual Selection and Primate Behavior -- Monogamous Males -- One-Male, Multifemale Groups -- Multimale, Multifemale Groups -- The Evolution of Social Behavior -- Kinds of Social Interactions -- Altruism: A Conundrum -- Kin Selection -- Hamilton's Rule -- Evidence of Kin Selection in Primates -- Reciprocal Altruism -- Primate Intelligence -- What Is Intelligence? -- Why Are Primates So Smart? -- Hypotheses Explaining Primate Intelligence -- Testing Models of the Evolution of Intelligence -- The Value of Studying Primate Behavior -- The History of the Human Lineage -- From Tree Shrew to Ape -- Continental Drift and Climate Change -- The Methods of Paleontology -- The Evolution of the Early Primates -- The First Anthropoids -- The Emergence of the Hominoids -- The Earliest Hominids -- Australopithecus afarensis -- Morphology -- Bipedal Locomotion -- Other Features of A. afarensis -- When Is a Hominoid Also a Hominid? -- Hominids before A. afarensis -- Australopithecines after A. afarensis -- A. africanus -- Robust Australopithecines -- Early Homo -- Traits Defining Early Homo -- How Many Species? -- Flaked Stone Tools -- Hominid Phylogenies -- Before the Discovery of WT 17000 -- After the Discovery of WT 17000 -- The Lives of Early Hominids -- From Ape to Human -- Early Hominid Environments -- Early Hominid Ecology -- The Emergence of Meat Eating -- Why Meat Eating Is Important -- Comparison with Hunting in Chimpanzees -- Seasonality and Meat Eating -- Archaeological Evidence in Early Hominids -- Hunters or Scavengers? -- Early Hominid Social Organization -- Sexual Division of Labor -- Food Sharing -- Archaeological Evidence -- The Ancients -- Homo erectus -- Acheulean Tools -- H. erectus Peoples the World -- Cultural Adaptations of H. erectus -- Middle Pleistocene Hominids: Archaic Homo sapiens -- Upper Pleistocene Hominids: Neanderthals and Their Contemporaries -- Mousterian and Middle Stone Age Tools -- Neanderthal Lifeways -- The Moderns -- The Emergence of Anatomically Modern People -- The Upper Paleolithic -- the Human Revolution -- Technology and Culture -- Symbolic Behavior -- Subsistence and Social Organization -- Models for the Origin and Spread of Anatomically Modern Humans -- Evidence from Fossils and Tool Kits -- Genetic Data -- The Evolution of Language -- Language Is an Adaptation -- Speech Production and Perception -- Grammar -- Language Capacities Are Derived -- How Language Evolved -- When Language Evolved -- Did Language Arise Early? -- Did Language Arise Late? -- Evolution and Modern Humans -- Human Genetic Diversity -- Explaining Human Variation -- Variation in Traits Influenced by Single Genes -- Causes of Genetic Variation within Groups -- Causes of Genetic Variation among Groups -- Variation in Complex Phenotypic Traits -- Genetic Variation within Groups -- Genetic Variation among Groups -- The Race Concept -- Evolution and the Human Life Cycle -- Maternal-Fetal Conflict during Pregnancy -- Why There Is Parent-Offspring Conflict -- Spontaneous Abortion -- Blood Sugar -- The Evolution of Senescence -- Two Evolutionary Theories of Senescence -- Evidence for the Theories -- The Evolution of Menopause -- Evolution and Human Behavior -- Why Evolution Is Relevant to Human Behavior -- Evolutionary Psychology -- The Logic of Evolutionary Psychology -- Reasoning about Reciprocity -- Evolutionary Psychology and Human Universals -- Color Terms -- Inbreeding Avoidance -- Evolution and Human Culture -- Culture Is a Derived Trait in Humans -- Culture Is an Adaptation -- Human Behavioral Ecology -- Human Mate Choice and Parenting -- The Psychology of Human Mate Preferences -- Some Social Consequences of Mate Preferences -- Kipsigis Bridewealth -- Nyinba Polyandry -- Raising Children -- Child Abuse and Infanticide -- Cross-Cultural Patterns of Infanticide -- Child Abuse in the United States and Canada -- Adoption -- Adoption in Oceania -- Adoption in Industrialized Societies -- Family Size -- Is Human Evolution Over? -- Epilogue: There Is Grandeur in this View of Life -- The Skeletal Anatomy of Primates N2 - This is a compelling account of the evolution of the human species. This successful introductory text shows how an understanding of evolutionary theory and a knowledge of primate behavioral ecology can be combined with clues from the fossil and archaeological records to explain why we look and act the way we do ER -